The next step in drone warfare is emerging: systems that not only fly through the air, but can also operate underwater. New footage from China shows a prototype that does exactly that. It is a so-called cross-medium drone that can function both as a submarine and as a flying drone.
The drone, known as the ‘Formula 1’, is being developed by the Chinese company Loon Innovations from Shenzhen. The footage shows the system operating in a swimming pool, suggesting early test phases in which mainly the basic functions are being checked.
The concept is relatively new, but strategically interesting. Instead of a drone that can only fly, or an unmanned underwater vehicle that only stays underwater, this system combines both worlds in one platform.
From underwater to an attack from the air
The big advantage of this type of drone is surprise. A system can move underwater towards a target area, for example along a coastline or harbour. It can then rise out of the water and carry out an attack or start a reconnaissance mission like a traditional drone.
That makes detection and defence considerably harder. Radar systems are aimed at objects in the air, while sonar detects underwater threats. A system that combines both domains falls between those two worlds.
The development ties in with broader trends visible in the war in Ukraine, where drones have evolved in a short time from simple observation tools into advanced attack systems. They are getting bigger, faster, smarter and more versatile.
The technology behind the hybrid drone
The challenge with systems like this is considerable. Water and air place completely different demands on a vehicle. Underwater, drag is much higher and different propulsion methods are needed than in the air. The electronics must also be able to withstand pressure and moisture.
The ‘Formula 1’ uses a tandem rotor configuration, meaning two rotors are placed one behind the other. This can help with stability and control during the transition from water to air.
Sealing also plays a crucial role. All sensitive components must be completely waterproof, without compromising weight and performance in the air.
A new dimension for military operations
Although the system still appears to be in development, it shows where the future is heading. A drone that can approach unnoticed underwater and then take off for an attack opens up new tactical possibilities.
Think of operations against ships, coastal installations or infrastructure. It could also be interesting for special forces, for example for reconnaissance in enemy territory without being detected straight away.
China is not the only country experimenting with concepts like this, but the footage suggests active testing and development. That fits a broader strategy in which unmanned systems play an ever larger role.
From experiment to deployment?
It is too early to say how quickly drones like this will actually become operational. Much depends on reliability, range and how well they can withstand countermeasures.
Still, the direction is clear. Just as drones in the air have quickly earned a permanent place on the battlefield, hybrid systems could do the same in the future.
The combination of underwater and aerial capabilities makes this a development to watch closely. It could well be the next big step in unmanned warfare.
